Expanding Earth /
The Evidence:
The Evidence:
| 1. As predicted by expanding Earth theory, all current seafloor in the world is young (less than 200 million years old:) |
"Figure 1 is part of an oceanic crustal age poster from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) National Geophysical Data Center (based on Mueller et al, 1993). The age range of the Pacific is nearly the same as that of the Atlantic and Indian oceans: all oceanic crust is < 200 my old, and most of the South Pacific formed <40 mya. White lines have been added to highlight matching geological outlines." [Figure and text from McCarthy (2003).] |
The 1960's oceanic discovery of the juvenile age (<200 million years old) of all current
seafloor was a confirmation of a natural prediction of expanding Earth theory that surprised
mainstream geologists at the time. As stated in the introduction to "The trans-Pacific
Zipper Effect" (McCarthy, 2003):
seafloor was a confirmation of a natural prediction of expanding Earth theory that surprised
mainstream geologists at the time. As stated in the introduction to "The trans-Pacific
Zipper Effect" (McCarthy, 2003):
| "In a book dedicated to Alfred Wegener, Otto Hilgenberg (1933) theorized that all continents had united to form a single crust that encompassed a much smaller globe pre-Jurassic (Hilgenberg, 1933; also discussed in Carey, 1988). "Previously, Roberto Mantovani (1909) had put forth the same argument, suggesting that the oceans had been created as the result of crustal fracturing and sea-floor spreading between continents (Scalera, 1997). This view entails that all of the world's ocean crust is less than 200 million years old (i.e. less than the age of the vast majority of continental crust), a prediction that, in the first half of the twentieth century, clearly differentiated expanding Earth theory from both Wegener's view of continental drift and the mainstream stabilist theory. "In the 1950's and 1960's, advances in oceanographic analyses and the discovery of seafloor spreading confirmed that all oceanic crust had been created within the last 200 my at mid-oceanic ridges, and the majority of it had formed during the Cenozoic (Fig. 1). The verification of this particular consequence of expanding Earth theory surprised mainstream geologists. The hypothesis that the ancient Panthalassa superocean and its Tethyan embayment had been completely subducted and replaced by the modern oceans (e.g. Oliver and Isacks, 1967; Isacks et al., 1968) then had to be developed in order to reconcile the assumption of a fixed global radius with the expansive consequences of seafloor spreading." |
References:
Briggs, J. C. (2004) The ultimate expanding earth hypothesis. Journal of Biogeography, 31,
855-857.
Cabanes, C., Cazenave, A. & Le Provost, C. (2001) Sea level rise during past 40 years
determined from satellite and in situ observations. Science, 294, 840-842.
Carey, S. W. (1988) Theories of the Earth and Universe. A history of dogma in earth
sciences. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Collins, G.C., Pappalardo, R.T. & Head, J.W. (1999) Surface stresses resulting from internal
differentiation: Application to Ganymede tectonics. 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary
Science Conference, Houston, 1695. Available at http://www.lpi.usra.
edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1695.pdf
Ford, D (1999) The Expanding Earth; the 'other' theory of geology and global tectonics. http:
//www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/HomePage.htm
Goldsmith, D. (1997) Comet origin of oceans all wet? Science, 277, 318.
Isacks, B., Oliver, J. & Sykes, L. (1968) Seismology and the new global tectonics. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 73, 5855–5899.
Kerr, R.A. (1997) Spots confirmed, tiny comets spurned. Science, 276, 1333-1334 .
Kerr, R.A. (2001) Jupiter's two-faced moon, Ganymede, falling into line. Science, 291, 22-23.
Maxlow, J. (2001) Quantification of an Archaean to Recent Earth Expansion Process Using
Global, Geological and Geophysical Data Sets. Thesis (Ph.D.) Curtin University of
Technology, Western Australia. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-
WCU20020117.145715/
Miller, L & Douglas, B.C. (2004) Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global
sea level rise. Nature, 428, 406-409.
Murakami, M., Hirose, K., Yurimoto, H., Nakashima, S. & Takafuji, N. (2002) Water in Earth's
lower mantle. Science, 295, 1885-1887.
Oliver, J. & Isacks, B. (1967) Deep earthquake zones, anomalous structures in the upper
mantle, and the lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 72, 4259–4275.
Perkins, S. (2001) New type of hydrothermal vent looms large. Science News, 160, 21.
Prockter, L.M. (2001) Icing Ganymede. Nature, 410, 25-27.
Rubey, W.W. (1951) Geologic history of sea water. Geological Society of America Bulletin,
62, 1111–1148.
Briggs, J. C. (2004) The ultimate expanding earth hypothesis. Journal of Biogeography, 31,
855-857.
Cabanes, C., Cazenave, A. & Le Provost, C. (2001) Sea level rise during past 40 years
determined from satellite and in situ observations. Science, 294, 840-842.
Carey, S. W. (1988) Theories of the Earth and Universe. A history of dogma in earth
sciences. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Collins, G.C., Pappalardo, R.T. & Head, J.W. (1999) Surface stresses resulting from internal
differentiation: Application to Ganymede tectonics. 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary
Science Conference, Houston, 1695. Available at http://www.lpi.usra.
edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1695.pdf
Ford, D (1999) The Expanding Earth; the 'other' theory of geology and global tectonics. http:
//www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/HomePage.htm
Goldsmith, D. (1997) Comet origin of oceans all wet? Science, 277, 318.
Isacks, B., Oliver, J. & Sykes, L. (1968) Seismology and the new global tectonics. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 73, 5855–5899.
Kerr, R.A. (1997) Spots confirmed, tiny comets spurned. Science, 276, 1333-1334 .
Kerr, R.A. (2001) Jupiter's two-faced moon, Ganymede, falling into line. Science, 291, 22-23.
Maxlow, J. (2001) Quantification of an Archaean to Recent Earth Expansion Process Using
Global, Geological and Geophysical Data Sets. Thesis (Ph.D.) Curtin University of
Technology, Western Australia. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-
WCU20020117.145715/
Miller, L & Douglas, B.C. (2004) Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global
sea level rise. Nature, 428, 406-409.
Murakami, M., Hirose, K., Yurimoto, H., Nakashima, S. & Takafuji, N. (2002) Water in Earth's
lower mantle. Science, 295, 1885-1887.
Oliver, J. & Isacks, B. (1967) Deep earthquake zones, anomalous structures in the upper
mantle, and the lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 72, 4259–4275.
Perkins, S. (2001) New type of hydrothermal vent looms large. Science News, 160, 21.
Prockter, L.M. (2001) Icing Ganymede. Nature, 410, 25-27.
Rubey, W.W. (1951) Geologic history of sea water. Geological Society of America Bulletin,
62, 1111–1148.
