Expanding Earth /
Part II: The Geophysics FAQ
Since planets and moons did not pop into existence at their current size, everyone agrees
they must have expanded at some point in their history. Currently, the process of planetary
formation is one of the most important, outstanding mysteries in all of science. In July of
2005, Science Magazine listed the 125 most significant questions facing scientists today in
an article sub-titled "What we don't know." One of the questions was, "How do planets
form?"
Current theories of
planetary formation are
known to be inadequate,
and expanding Earth theory
is, at bottom, a planetary
formation theory. The
seminal questions are:
what are all the ways in
which planets and moons
have accumulated their
mass, and when did they
stop?
There are only two plausible ways that planets can increase
in mass: 1) Macroscopic objects can collide with or add to
their surfaces, augmenting their size layer by layer or 2)
ultra-mundane (e.g., sub-quantum) material can pass
through the external layers and collect at the cores of planets
and moons, causing them to expand from the inside out.
This last method, which is consistent with ether-sink views of
gravity, may be one aspect of planetary formation not
adequately considered.
2. If the Earth increased in mass, wouldn't it's rotation rate have to slow
significantly in order to conserve angular momentum?
References:
Collins, G.C., Pappalardo, R.T. & Head, J.W. (1999) Surface stresses resulting from internal
differentiation: Application to Ganymede tectonics. 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary
Science Conference, Houston, 1695. Available at
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/LPSC99/pdf/1695.pdf
Kerr, R.A. (2001) Jupiter's two-faced moon, Ganymede, falling into line. Science, 291, 22-23.
Prockter, L.M. (2001) Icing Ganymede. Nature, 410, 25-27.
Ravilious, K. (2002) Wind Up. New Scientist, 176, 30-33.
1. Isn't the expansion of planets and moons
geophysically impossible and wouldn't it violate
conservation of mass?
In fact, it is now widely accepted that the Jovian moon, Ganymede, has experienced
significant, internally-generated, post-formation expansion. As Prockter (2001) writes:
"The bright terrain formed as Ganymede underwent some extreme resurfacing event,
probably as a result of the moon's increase in size". Collins et al. (1999) agree that the
formation of the grooved terrain on Ganymede was likely the result of post-formation
"global expansion".
The Earth's spin has in fact suddenly increased in a
manner not explainable by conventional theory both 180
ma and 400 ma (Ravilious, 2003). In ether views of
gravitation, which is the mechanism for Earth
expansion, gravitating bodies are equivalent to fluid
dynamic sinks. And increases in sink-strength often
result in increases in angular velocity of the vortex,
providing a natural cause for planetary rotation and the
occasional changes in angular momentum as the vortex
strength fluctuates.
This view of gravity also naturally predicts the vortex
like nature of solar systems and the velocity profiles of
spiral vortex galaxies, which general relativity does not
do. .
So as with questions of paleo-climate or paleo-
sealevel or past lunar orbits, the question of Earth's
past rotational velocity provides even more evidence
that the Earth is not in a steady state: with fixed radius,
fixed mass, fixed mass of oceans, etc., – but is actually
quite dynamic and in a tremendous state of flux.


Ganymede